Scientific inquiry can be described as a sequence of observations leading to a hypothesis which must be tested by experimentation. The results either validate or invalidate the hypothesis which was under test. Unfortunately, the interpretation of the data sometimes does not elucidate some new truth but rather eclipses our thoughts into a new era of ignorance.
Heralding a new age in the cosmos, Norwegian Kristian Birkeland predicted that the universe likely consisted of an exotic component that would later be called dark matter. His comments about this subject matter appeared in a description of the Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition (1902-1903). Birkeland's ideas about the Expedition were published in the fateful year of 1913 which would see the rise of the socialist Federal Reserve System and the Income Tax in the United States of America, two key components of the communist manifesto. Evolutionary processes were in motion throughout all fields of endeavor. Economics, politics, science and the hearts and minds of men and women were in the balance whilst relativism not truth held sway over the modern imagination. Cosmology would suffer from the same 'evolutionary' mindset and Birkeland wrote as much:
"We have assumed that each stellar system in evolutions throws off electric corpuscles into space. It does not seem unreasonable therefore to think that the greater part of the material masses in the universe is found, not in the solar systems or nebulae, but in "empty" space."
In this fashion, Birkeland predicted that because of the 'evolutions' present within the cosmos most of the matter in the universe must be found in 'empty' space rather than that which is observable in stellar objects. It is currently believed that only four percent of the universe is of this ordinary visible stellar type. Further, about a quarter of the universe is made up of the ubiquitous dark matter with the rest of the cosmos being filled with the even more bizarre dark energy. It was Fritz Zwicky, a swiss astrophysicist working for Caltech, who would further the concept of dark matter through the aegis of the Virial Theorem.
This mathematical relation is a formula which bounds the energy of a set of particles. In another dark year in the steady evolution to slavery since 1933 saw the removal of gold from the accounts of american citizenry, Zwicky used the Virial Theorem in an attempt to ascertain the validity of the dark matter hypothesis. He focussed his attention on the Coma galactic cluster and his analysis provided prima facie confirmation for the existence of dark matter. By evaluating the amount of movement of those galaxies at the periphery of the cluster he was able to approximately surmise the aggregate of all the matter therein.
He was astonished to learn that this sum total of mass is different from a separately computed estimate. This other value was obtained by analyzing the sum total of galaxies and the brightness of the Coma cluster. Juxtaposing this value with the periphery computation he observed that there was a discrepancy of at a minimum four hundredfold. Since the galaxies were insufficiently massive to cause the computed orbital velocities there must be some other mechanism to explain this phenomena. This conundrum became in the scientific lexicon the missing mass problem. Zwicky had established the need for the existence of an invisible source of mass hitherto unknown which must provide the necessary gravitational effect for the cluster.
Thus, it is a fact of the current state of cosmology that the greatest set of evidence for dark matter comes from this galactic gravitational data. Scientists have even made galactic curves describing the rotational properties of stars versus the distance from the galactic center. When the gravitational data is plotted it can be shown that only a small portion of the observed speeds are explicable by classical computations. In other words, there is a scarcity of visible mass in the observed galaxies to attribute the sum total of gravitational effects to visibly observable stars planets and galaxies. Thus, the simplest way to explain this galactic mystery of insufficient mass is to hypothesize a non-detectable type of mass known as dark matter which can be the cause for the gravitational effects.
As more and more data is collected on these and other aspects of the universe, formulae and cosmological postulates are generated describing the results so obtained. Fulfilling the requirements of the aforementioned aspects leads some scientists to propose several different types of dark matter. The four main types of dark matter are called 1- baryonic dark matter; 2- warm dark matter; 3- cold dark matter and 4- hot dark matter. Dark matter ranges from the known to the predicted, from black holes to brown dwarfs to the massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), the neutrino, axions, WIMPS or weakly interacting massive particles and the esoteric neutralino. However, there is an alternative explanation for the gravitational effects which originally created the dark matter concept.
If an incomplete understanding of gravitation is factored into the picture, then it can be asserted that the dark matter interpretation is incorrect because some other cause is generating these phenomena. Several different contending theories have been developed to describe the observed galactic data. In particular, one of the main competing explanations is given by scalar tensor theories which try to combine the teachings of quantum mechanics with gravity. Amplifying these ideas leads to a variety of exotic ideas which challenge our most fundamental notions of physics and astronomy. Other concepts go even further and have been the subject of interest for astronomers like Dr. Riccardo Scarpa since these allow for a cosmology without the inclusion of the enigmatic dark matter.
Dr. Scarpa works at the European Southern Observatory in Santiago Chile using the Very Large Telescope Array at Paranal. With all of his experience in this field, it is interesting to note some of his most recent comments on the superfluous dark matter:
"Dark matter is the craziest idea we've ever had in astronomy. It can appear when you need it, it can do what you like, be distributed in any way you like. It is the fairy tale of astronomy."
In view of these comments one should ask if another scientific idea might be on the verge of collapsing. Indeed, astronomers are routinely using these other theoretical principles on a daily basis in infrared observatories around the world. Thus, it is very likely that we are simply wrong about all of this dark matter. It is within all probability that the only dark matter that we will ever find is that ignorant dark matter between our ears.
2.26.2008
Galactic Mystery - Matter - On the Dark Side
The Astrology of the Jewish Kabbalah
Divination, Evocation and Vision are the preliminary techniques of Magic rituals in the kabbalah. There is considerable justification for their employment: when there is adequate understanding of their meaning and technical procedure. But these are preliminary methods only. They are but steps leading to the consummation of the supreme sacrament. The inevitable end of Magic is identical to that conceived of in Mysticism, union with God-head. Magic conceives of divinity as Spirit and Light and Love. It is an all-pervasive and omnipresent vital force, permeating all things, sustaining every life from the most minute electron to the largest nebula of mindstaggering dimensions.
It is this Life which is the level of the entirety of existence, and it is this primal awareness in which we live and move and have our being. In the course of manifestation, cosmic centres develop within its infinitude, centres of lofty intelligence and power, whereby the cosmic high tension may be modified and reduced to a lower key so as ultimately to produce an objective manifestation. These cosmic centres of life are what for the moment we may name the Gods (not spirits)--beings of enormous wisdom, power and spirituality in an ascending hierarchical scale between us and the unknown and unnamed God. The particular hierarchy that they form receives in Magic a clear classification in terms of the Qabalistic Tree of Life.
Sometimes to describe these concepts, there is the metaphor of a man striving to reach the roof top of a several storeyed building. Now Magic conceives of spiritual development in an analogous way. That is to say, it conceives a personal evolution as progressive and orderly. Divinity is the objective we seek to reach, the roof top. We, those of us cherishing the mystical ideal, are below on the ground. Not with one leap may we attain the summit.
By means of the magical technique we employ the invocation of the Gods, who answer metaphorically to the stairs or lift, and attempt union with their wider and vaster consciousness. Since they represent the several cosmic levels of energy and mind intervening between us and the supreme goal, as we unite ourselves in love and reverence and surrender to them, by so much the nearer do we approach to the ultimate source and root of all things.
Using the plan of the Tree of Life as his guide, the magician invokes the lower Gods or Archangels as they are named in another system, desirous of mingling his own life with, and surrendering his own being to, the greater and more extensive life of the God. Thus his spiritual perceptions become finer and more sensitive, and his consciousness becomes with time accustomed to the high tension of the divine force flowing through him. His interior evolution proceeding, he invokes the God of the Sephirah or plane immediately above. Following the same procedure, he attempts to assimilate his own essence, his own integrated consciousness, to that of the divinity he has invoked. And so on--until finally he stands upon the lofty Darien peak of spiritual realisation, united with the transcendental life of infinity, feeling with universal love and compassion, conscious of all life and
every thing as himself with supreme vision and power.
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The String Theory
At first, this theory was not exhilarating to many physicists because it seemed preposterous. However, many physicists soon became hooked to this theory when two physicists, John Schwarz and Michael Green, found one equation for all forces in 1982.
“The String Theory” suggests that “small vibrating 1-dimensional objects with length and tension constitute the universe”. Each dissonant vibration constitutes a different particle. An example is sound waves created on a musical instrument. Each string on the instrument can vibrate in resonant patterns creating various amplitudes and wavelengths in the sound wave. Therefore, a variety of musical notes can be heard. Thus, there is no possible way for strings to vibrate in the three spatial dimensions that we are familiar with, up and down, left and right, and back and forth. To solve this problem, six more dimensions were added.
Finally, five different forms of string theory were developed. If there is one theory that describes the whole universe, which of the five is correct? With the help of Ed Witten this mystery came to a close, and the development of M-theory was created.
M-theory is also called for another dimension. This extra dimension theorizes that if a “vibrating string had enough energy, the string could expand, creating a membrane”. With enough energy this membrane could expand to the size of the universe. It is now thought that our universe is living in a membrane inside a much larger higher dimensional space. Thus, there could be parallel worlds on other membranes coexisting with ours just a millimeter away.
In the theory of quantum physics, the law that controls how atoms behave, the fabric of space is random and chaotic. Because of this chaotic and random movement the fabric of space often tears. What causes these tears to stop? The answer is strings. As strings float around in the fabric of space, the strings act as a tube around the tear forming a protective bubble. This tube is called a wormhole.
Theoretically, a wormhole is a tunnel or bridge that links distant regions of space, in other words, a cosmic shortcut to different places in the universe. This phenomenon can only be described in the
extra dimension from M-theory.
M-theory also explains why gravity seems to be billions and billions times weaker than electromagnetism. This is because gravity, composed of particles called gravitons, is “surrounded by closed strings and are able to wander off into extra dimensions”. With this knowledge, physicists may be able to construct a device that can communicate to parallel universes by exchanged strong gravity wave sources.
Physicists are currently trying to find gravitons by the use of atom smashers. The atom smasher collide hydrogen atoms into each other while traveling at the speed of light. As the hydrogen atom collides, numerous particles disburse. No results of detecting a graviton were successful but, hopefully, with the help of a much more power atom smasher, the graviton will be discovered. The reason why the discovery of the graviton is very important is because it will prove that the string theory may be true.
”The String theory” has not provided a definite answer about the “Big Bang”. It has, however, provided an assumption. Two membranes, highly energized strings, carrying parallel universes were drifting
towards each other. As they hit, the energy given off has to go somewhere. Thus, the “Big Bang” occurs. This does not occur just once but many times. There may be “Big Bangs” occurring at this
moment between other membranes.
If “The String Theory” is somehow proved accurate, the greatest mystery ever existed in life will be answered. “The String Theory” will explain why the universe is the way it is. We may even be able
to discover other life forms in other universes. Wormholes would provide a much profound efficient way of exploring the universe and parallel worlds.
Who invented the telescope?
The invention of the telescope was a major advance in the science of Astronomy, but who invented it? Maybe you think you already know the answer.
Well, what would you say if I told you that you're probably wrong? After all, it was Galileo Galilei who invented it, right? You might be surprised by the answer to that question. Although Galileo Galilei was a great astronomer, he didn't invent the telescope.
If not Galileo, then who?
A man named Hans Lipperhey invented the telescope. He was born in Wesel, Germany and made his home in Middleburg, part of the Zeeland province in the Netherlands. He was married there in 1594, and became a citizen in 1602. He was a spectacle-maker by trade.
The Italians developed new glass-making techniques which were introduced to the Netherlands in the 1590's. These new techniques helped to bring about new ideas and innovations in the glass-making community and people started to experiment with different ways to combine lenses.
Where is the proof?
Many other people claim to have invented the telescope, but Hans Lipperhey is the only person documented to have applied for a patent for the device.
Child's play
Legend has it that it wasn't Hans himself, but his children who actually invented the telescope while they were playing.
So now you know the story of the telescope and how it came to be.
Storms on Venus--Lightning Like God is Coming
When you receive the Seal you look for the return of Jesus who comes like lightning crossing the sky. It is now confirmed that lightning happens frequently on the planet Venus just like on earth.
No doubt about it--the heavenly bodies are beautiful. After all, they are a part of Heaven. But when you look at what scientists say about Venus, it is hard to imagine the presence of God there.
There is no life on Venus. Scientists know enough about the planet to know that its atmosphere could not support life. Perhaps it did many years ago but not now, even with the bursts of lightning now known to happen frequently there.
Lightning is a phenomenon which could bring life. And it is not surprising that scientists think so, considering how Jesus said He would return as lightning in the stormy sky.
Lightning could bring life just like the return of Jesus will bring Life to those who are faithful. The discovery of frequent lightning bolts on Venus makes it look like God visits Venus too.
Of course God is everywhere in Heaven. Even on Venus, a planet similar to earth but much less hospitable. It has been considered the "evil twin" of earth--just like its hospitable sister but without the kindness to life.
As far back as 1978 there was some evidence of lightning on Venus, but the NASA probe that detected it suffered some signal interference. So scientists were not sure about the lightning.
Now a European space probe has made knowledge of the lightning a reality. And not only is the lightning real but frequent. But it happens 35 miles above the surface of Venus and does not touch anything there.
The lightning just flashes from cloud to cloud on Venus' atmosphere, which is 100 times more dense than that we are familiar with here on earth. Add to this that it is 900 degrees hotter than earth and you have conditions a little too much like hell to sustain life.
This does not mean anything to scientists, apparently, but has a "wow" factor. It is just an exciting or interesting find. It is not groundbreaking. There is no life on Venus and the presence of lightning does not promise revelation of many new mysteries.
But it is something happening near us in the Heavens that can remind us just how God wants to visit us here on earth. Jesus will return like a bolt of lightning in a storm. It will be a conspicuous return--nobody will miss it.
However, when you are sealed you look for the return of Jesus within you. The lightning is a beautiful and even convincing firestorm. It can cause you to sit up and take notice. And you can see God in that storm.
But you do not sit and wait for God to return "someday." That would be wasting time. And how could you have so much patience? You want to know God today, and be known of God.
You do not want to wait for God. At least not when you are sealed. You will need God to return within you. You will know in your mind, heart, and belly when God has come to live inside you.
And that will not be the end of the world. That will be the beginning for you. You will begin to talk to God as to a personal acquaintance--a friend. You will talk and listen. And He will talk to you and hear you.
You will exchange thoughts and feelings with God. You will be at peace with Him. But does He not come in a storm? Yes. And perhaps He will first come to you in a storm raging inside you. Perhaps that is when you will first accept Him.
So you can look for the return of Jesus in the lightning when it storms. You will not miss Him when He comes. But instead of waiting you can look for His return within you when you receive the Seal.
Young Galaxies Viewed Closer to Creation
When you receive the Seal you are not yet perfected. You are "young" compared to the maturity that will perfect you as years pass. Just like your own youth is the youth of galaxies astronomers have found recently.
When you are sealed God writes His Name upon you. When you bear God's Name you anticipate years of growth to become worthy of God and show His glory to the world.
Some of the glory of God is being shown to the world right now--glory that is from "out of this world." And yet the glory of the observable Heavens can tell us much about the grandeur of God and His creation.
An international bunch of astronomers finished a project they planned for years. They had the difficult task of securing the world's largest telescopes all night every night for almost 2 weeks.
And that is how long they looked at one small little section of night sky--92 hours in that one place. This had the effect of letting a photograph expose for quite a long time. They could see very faint objects from very far away.
These objects are thought to be "teenager" galaxies or "baby" galaxies. They are considered proto-galaxies, the beginning of galaxies which will mature into the adult galaxies we know of today.
Light seems to us to travel quickly. But it takes a long time to travel the vast distances of the known universe. The light caught in the eye of this study is reputedly 11 billion years old or more.
That is a long time. Longer than man can easily comprehend. But it is an indication of the promise of eternity. Forever is much longer than 11 billion years. Forever is infinite.
This light 11 billion years old is light from only 2 billion years after the supposed Big Bang, the theoretical even when the universe exploded into being. Light this old is from when galaxies were still forming.
This study is going to tell scientists a lot about how the universe formed. This is good knowledge to have since it will help us understand God's creation of the universe, and knowledge of God's creation can only help people.
And scientists consider this finding to be "unprecedented" in magnitude. Never before have astronomers been able to look back at the building blocks of galaxies, which requires considerable depth of observation.
The research is planned for publication in the March 2008 issue of the Astrophysical Journal, and will resolve some heated arguments scientists have had for 30 years about the origins of the universe.
But you know that the ultimate origin of everything is God. He created the universe and the little world we now call home. Looking far back in time is an awesome experience giving a sense of the scope of God's infinite nature.
And it is more than just an experience. The more we understand about how God created the universe, the more we can use that knowledge to benefit us in the present day. Science will solve a lot of problems.
Speaking of solutions, God wants you to solve a problem right now. The problem is that you have not always been close to Him, and this is the generation of the devil. But you can change all that today.
You can get closer to God today and experience some of the awe of His creation and His everlasting Presence. You can win the victory over the devil and get closer to God by receiving the Seal.
Buy Astronomy Items Online
Are you interested in Astronomy? If so, you know that finding related items at local stores can often times be difficult. Luckily, you can shop for Astronomy items online if you are interested in doing so. Once you find a website that offers a large selection of what you are interested in, you will be well on your way.
So what type of Astronomy products are available online? Simply put, you should be able to find anything and everything that has to do with this fun and exciting topic. For instance, you can buy Astronomy books that will be sure to keep you busy for hours on end. Online stores not only carry these books, but they also offer the best prices; especially when compared to larger retail chains.
Moving on, many people are interested in using Astronomy software. After all, if you can learn through using your computer you might as well do so. Before buying software, make sure that you know what you are getting. Remember, some Astronomy software is geared towards beginners while others are more for advanced users.
Finally, there are many products that are available for purchase online. These Astronomy items include: telescopes, Astronomy binoculars, pictures, and much more. It is nice to shop for these products online because you will have access to a large and advanced inventory. This is in stark contrast to shopping at a local outlet that may only have a few Astronomy related items.
Astronomy is interesting to a wide variety of people. This includes those young and old, experienced and beginners. If you want to get started with the wonderful world of Astronomy, consider shopping at an online store for books, software, and many other related items. You will be surprised at just how many items are available online.
Astronomy as a Hobby
You may not know it, but many people consider Astronomy to be their greatest hobby. In fact, some people have been involved with this subject for many years. Although they are no longer considered amateurs, they still love Astronomy the same way as they did when they first discovered the subject.
There are three main reasons that Astronomy can make for a great hobby:
1. When it comes down to it, the subject of Astronomy can be a lot of fun. You do not want to get involved with a boring hobby, do you? With Astronomy you can be rest assured that you will have a fun and exciting time with every topic matter that you come across.
2. Although Astronomy is a lot of fun, it can be quite educational as well. You can learn a lot about yourself as well as the rest of the universe by getting involved. This holds true no matter if you are still in school, or if you have moved on. You may even find that you can teach a class on Astronomy or a similar topic if you get in touch with the right institution.
3. There is so much to learn about Astronomy that you will never have the chance to get bored. As you probably know, some hobbies appear to be fun on the surface, but after a few months you find that they have no depth; this is not the case with Astronomy. It is safe to say that you will be able to learn something new everyday.
Now can you see why Astronomy is such a great hobby? You can have fun with this subject, while also adding to your educational background. With so many benefits, there is no wondering why millions of people call Astronomy their favorite hobby!